IUCN STATUS
Vulnerable
Hippos
Hippopotamus amphibius
Why are hippos important?
Hippos are important to the aquatic ecosystems they live in. They can help maintain river channels, moving soil and modifying the underwater landscape, helping to create complex habitats that support numerous other species. Trails or paths made by hippos in and out of rivers and pools can also serve as drainage channels during floods.
Their dung spreading behaviour, both in and out of the water, cycles nutrients in the ecosystem and can boost fish populations, which helps support people who are dependent on fish for protein. By grazing on land, hippos also create ‘grazing lawns’, which provides habitat and attracts other herbivores.
Key Hippo Facts
POPULATION
~115,000-130,000*, Stable. Last assessed in 2016
* According to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
DIET
Herbivorous
HABITAT
Wetland habitats including rivers, lakes and mangrove swamps
RANGE
Throughout sub-Saharan Africa
SIZE
Weight: 1,300-1,800 kg, length: 3-4 metres
THREATS
Poaching, habitat loss and degradation, human-wildlife conflict
Did you know?!
Hippos can hold their breath for five minutes underwater and when they are completely submerged, their ears and nostrils fold shut to keep water out.
How to recognise a hippo
Hippos are one of the largest living land mammals on the planet! There are two species of hippo: the common hippo, found across eastern, southern and western Africa, and the pygmy hippo, found in restricted areas across West Africa.
Both species have a large barrel shaped body, short legs, a paddle like tail and a large head. Their skin is a grey-brown colour except for the underside, which is pale pink.
Whilst hippos are semi-aquatic mammals, they can’t breathe underwater, swim or float. However, they have adaptations to their semi-aquatic environment: they have webbed toes and their powerful legs help propel them as they run underwater.
A hippo’s skin must remain moist, as it will crack if exposed to the air and sun for long periods. They secrete an oily red liquid from subdermal glands which is thought to function as a sunscreen, antibiotic and insect repellent.
Although hippos are large, they only eat around 1-1.5% of their body weight every day, and they have four chambers in their stomach to help breakdown the grass, shoots and flowers that they eat. They have incredibly powerful jaws that are capable of opening up to 150 degrees wide.
Where do hippos live?
Hippos are amphibious, spending their days in water – rivers, lakes, wetlands and muddy wallows– and emerging at sunset to feed and sleep. They can be found in eastern, southern and western Africa.
A wild hippo © Lady Bugz, Unsplash
Hippo behaviour
Common hippos are sociable and live in herds of around 10-15 individuals – but herds can be as big as 100-150! There are several names for a group of hippos, including a herd, a pod or a bloat. Pygmy hippos, on the other hand, are solitary and are not territorial.
Females usually give birth to a single baby every other year and lactation can extend for 18 months or longer. The bond between hippos and their calves is very close and the mother can be become very aggressive if they feel that their calf is in danger.
They can communicate through grunts, growls and moans, and they also make a loud roaring sound. Most vocalisations are made underwater and they are relatively quiet on land.
Hippos mark their territory with their dung. They ‘wag’ their tails quickly back and forth when defecating to spread their dung in the territory they are claiming. Fights for possession of a territory in the water can be fierce and hippos may inflict considerable injuries with their huge canines, though minor conflicts are often settled by threat displays such as the yawn.
Hippos can be aggressive, especially when threatened, and are widely considered to be one of the deadliest large land mammals on the planet. It is estimated that 500 people are killed a year in Africa due to hippo attacks.
A hippo in water © Ansie Potgieter, Unsplash
What are the threats to hippos?
Read more about the threats to the world's hippo population.
Habitat loss, primarily due to agricultural expansion, is degrading and destroying hippo habitats. Hippos are reliant on freshwater habitats to survive. However, water is in high demand across much of Africa and water diversion to supply farms as well as larger scale development, such as dams, is putting freshwater habitats at severe risk.
In agricultural areas, hippos can become embroiled in conflict with people when they trample or eat crops. Human-hippo conflict is exacerbated in drought conditions, where freshwater and food resources are restricted.
Illegal hunting of hippos is a threat to their persistence across their range. Hippos may be hunted for their meat or their ivory (their canine teeth). In places where there is civil unrest, hippo hunting is particularly acute and has resulted in the decline of local populations.
What is Born Free doing to help hippos?
Born Free works to protect hippos in the wild by campaigning to end the trade in their ivory and working with communities to promote coexistence. We also seek to end the confinement, exploitation and suffering of hippos (and other wild animals) in zoos and circuses for human entertainment.
Ivory Trade
One of the top threats to hippo survival is poaching for their ivory canine teeth. As a result of elephant ivory bans, poachers may target hippos as an alternative source of ivory. Born Free campaigns to stop the legal and illegal trade of ivory and ensure the hippo’s survival in the wild.
Captive Animals
Hippos are kept in zoos and other captive facilities around the world. We strongly oppose the exploitation and keeping of wild animals in captivity and campaign to phase out the keeping of animals such as hippos in zoos. We investigate animal welfare standards of zoos and their commitment to conservation.